FUW TRENDS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(A Peer Review Journal)
e–ISSN: 2408–5162; p–ISSN: 2048–5170
keywords: Benin-Ethiope, fluvial system, Oghara, petroleum products, spillages
Activities of petroleum industries downstream sector companies in and around Oghara town results in continuous spillages of petroleum products and lubricating base oil in the water of the Benin-Ethiope Fluvial System in the vicinity. The study therefore examined the effect of these spillages on the quality of water of the fluvial system in this area. Water samples were collected from the fluvial system around Oghara town twice every season for two wet and two dry seasons. The physicochemical parameters of water were determined by standard methods, heavy metals were determined by method of flame atomic absorption spectrometry after digestion of water sample with pre-concentration by heating and evaporation. The results obtained were, pH (5.48±0.39), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (2.2±1.2 mgL-1), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (61±22 mgL-1), oil and grease (O&G) (1.87±0.79 mgL-1), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (1.42±0.66 mgL-1), Ni (0.08±0.08 mgL-1) and Cd (0.01±0.01 mgL-1). The concentrations of most pollutant parameters were higher in the study area water than in the control area water (BOD [7.3±3.4 mgL-1], COD [42±28 mgL-1], O&G [0.65±0.50 mgL-1], TPH [0.50±0.38 mgL-1],Ni [0.01±0.01 mgL-1], Cd [0.004±0.004 mgL-1]) . The average pH value was lower than control area water (5.48±0.39) and also lower than guideline range for pH. The average Ni value of water exceeded guideline values. The results of these two parameters (pH and Ni) showed that the water was not fit for drinking. Classification of water of the five sampling stations of the study area gave them pollution status of either “slightly polluted” or “polluted.” The quality of study area water was therefore found to be very low and need to be thoroughly treated before it can be used for drinking and other domestic uses.
Akporido SO & Kadiri HE 2014. Effect of urbanization and industrialization on waters on waters of the Benin-Ethiope River System around Sapele, Nigeria. Global Advance Res. J. Physical & Appl. Sci., 3(3): 35 – 50. Akporido SO, Emoyan OO & Otobrise C 2015. Sediment pollution of the Benin–Ethiope fluvial system around Sapele (Nigeria) from industrial and Urban wastes. Int. Res. J. Public & Envtal. Health, 2(1): 4 – 15. Akporido SO & Onianwa PC 2015. Heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in surface water of Esi River, Western Niger Delta. Res. J. Envtal. Sci., 9(2): 88 – 100. APHA – AWWA – WEF 1995. Standard methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association – American Water Works Association – Water Environment Federation. New York Bryan GW & Langston WJ 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effect of heavy metals in sediments with special references to United Kingdom estuaries review. Environmental Pollution, 76: 89-137. Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers (CCREM) 1987. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Resources and Environment Ministers. Winnipeg Canada Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.) 1991. National guidelines and Standards, PMB 265 Garki FCT, Abuja, Nigeria). Forstner U & Whittman GTW 1983. Metals in the aquatic environment. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. GESAMP 1993. Impacts of Oil and related Chemicals and Wastes in the Marine environment. London UK Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) Reports and Studies: No 50 International Marine Organization. Gola D, Malik AZA, Shaikh ZA & Sreekrishnam TR 2016. Impact of heavy metal containing wastewater on agricultural soil and produce: Relevance of biological treatment. Environ Process (2016) (online) 1063.doi: 10.1007/340710-016-0176-9. Health Canada 2012. Guidelines for Canadian drinking quality summary table [online]. Available at http//www.hc.sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formts/pdf/pubs/water.eau/2012-sum_guide-res_recom/2012-sum_guide (accessed 27 August 2013) Ipeaiyeda AR & Onianwa PC 2009. Impact of brewery effluents on water quality of the Olosun River in Ibadan, Nigeria. Chemistry and Ecology, 25(3): 189 – 204. Koffi KM, Coulbaly S, Atse BC & Kouamecan EP 2014. Survey of heavy metals concentrations in water and sediments of thre Estuary Bietri Bay, Ebrie Lagoon, Cote D’Ivoire. Int. J. Res. Earth & Envtal. Sci., 1(3): 1 – 10. Le Thi Minh P, Phaoc DN, Quoc TD, Ngo HH & Lam CDH 2016. Presence of e-EDCs in surface water and effluents of pollution sources in SaiGon and Don Nai River Basin. Sustainable Envt. Res., 26: 20 – 27. Luiselli L, Akani GC & Politano E 2006. Effects of habitat alteration caused by petrochemical activities and oil spills on the habitat use and interspecific relationships among four species of afrotropical freshwater turtles. Biodiversity & Conservation, 15(11): 3756-3767. Moyle PB 2006. Essays in wild life. A reader for WFC in WildLife Conservation and Ecology. Retrieved 06/06/2006 from marinebio-org/oceans/conservation/moyle/- Nduka JK & Orisakwe OE 2011. Water – quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: A look at heavy metal levels and some physicochemical properties. Envtal. Sci. & Poll. Res., 18(2): 237 – 246. Olatunji OS & Osibanjo O 2012. Determination of selected heavy metals in inland freshwater of lower River Niger drainage in North Central Nigeria. African J. Envtal. Sci. & Techn., 6(10). Onianwa PC 2016. Chemical and environmental pollution: How significant is the local contribution: An inaugural lecture of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan University Publishing House. Prati L, Pavenello R & Pesaria F 1971. Assessment of Surface Water quality by a single index pollution. Water Research, 5: 741-751. Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) 2007. Nigeria Standard for drinking water quality retrieved 09/08/2008 from http://www.unicef/ng/nigeria-publications-Nigeria. United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) 2011. Environmental assessment of Ogoniland. United 39. Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) 2012. 2012 edition of the drinking water standards and Heath advisories (online). Available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/ (accessed 27 August, 2013 Van der Leeden F, Troise FL & Todd DK 1990. The water Encyclopaedia. Second Edition. Chelsea. Lewis Publishers WHO (World Health Organization) 2011. Guideline for drinking water quality (online). Available at http//www.who.int/publications/guidelines/environmental health/en/index.html (accessed 27 August 2013). Yogendra K & Putaiah E 2008. Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban waterbody in Shimoga Town Karnataka. In Sengupta, M and Dalwani, R. Eds. Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference 340 – 346.
